Tamoxifen - API Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient

Tamoxifen

Name	Tamoxifen
Synonyms	(Z)-1-(p-Dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenyl-1-butene, trans-2-[4-(1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethylamine;2-[4-[(Z)-1,2-Di(phenyl)but-1-enyl]phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine; Mammaton; 2-[4-[(Z)-1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl]phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine; 2-[p-[(Z)-1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl]phenyloxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine; N,N-Dimethyl-2-[p-[(Z)-1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl]phenoxy]ethanamine; C07108; Tamoxifen,(Z)-1-(p-Dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenyl-1-butene, trans-2-[4-(1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethylamine TAMOXIFEN TAMOXIFEN BASE TRANS-2-[4-(1,2-DIPHENYL-1-BUTENYL)PHENOXY]-N,N-DIMETHYLETHYLAMINE [Z]-1-[P-DIMETHYLAMINOETHOXYPHENYL]-1,2-DIPHENYL-1-BUTENE (Z)-2-[4-(1,2-DIPHENYL-1-BUTENYL)PHENOXY]-N,N-DIMETHYLETHANAMINE (z)-2-(4-(1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)phenoxy)-n,n-dimethylethanamine (z)-2-(para-(1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-n,n-dimethylamine 1-para-beta-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl-trans-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene 1-p-beta-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl-trans-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene ici47699 n-dimethyl-2-(p-(1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-(z)-ethylamin Nolvadex-D tamoxifen(z) tamoxifendrugstandardsolution trans-tamoxifen z-tamoxifen Genox Tamoxen tamoxifen free base Ethanamine, 2-4-(1Z)-1,2-diphenyl-1-butenylphenoxy-N,N-dimethyl-
CAS NO	10540-29-1
Molecular Weight	371.51
EINECS	234-118-0
Molecular Formula	C26H29NO
Product Categories	Aromatics; Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients; Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Activators; Intermediates & Fine Chemicals; Pharmaceuticals; Isotope Labeled Compounds
Mol File	10540-29-1.mol

Tamoxifen Chemical Properties
Boiling point	501.18°C (rough estimate)
Melting point	97-98 °C(lit.)
form	neat
solubility	H2O: insoluble <0.1% at 20°C
density	1.0630 (rough estimate)
color	Crystals from pet ether
refractive index	1.6000 (estimate)
storage temp.	2-8°C
Merck	13,9137
Water Solubility	Insoluble in water. Soluble in methanol, ethanol, propanol or propylene glycol.Soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloromethane and ethanol. Insoluble in water
InChIKey	NKANXQFJJICGDU-QPLCGJKRSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference	10540-29-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
IARC	1 (Vol. 66, 100A) 2012
EPA Substance Registry System	Tamoxifen (10540-29-1)

Safety Information
Hazard Codes	T,Xi
Risk Statements	45-60-61-64-36/37/38
Safety Statements	53-45-36-26
WGK Germany	3
HS Code	29221990
RTECS	KR5919600
Toxicity	LD50 orl-rat: 4100 mg/kg DRFUD4 9,186,84
Hazardous Substances Data	10540-29-1(Hazardous Substances Data)

Tamoxifen Usage And Synthesis
Antiestrogen drug	Tamoxifen is non-steroidal anti-estrogen drugs. Its structure is similar to estrogen, existing Z type and O type isomers. The physical and chemical properties are different from each other, and physiological activity is different. E type has weak estrogenic activity, Z type having the effect of anti-estrogen. If the estrogen receptor (ER) is present in breast cancer cells, estrogen enters into tumor cells and binds with ER, promoting mRNA and DNA synthesis of tumor cells, stimulating tumor cell growth. However, Tamoxifen Z isomer enters into the cell, competitively binding with ER to form receptor complexes, inhibiting that estrogen plays an role, and inhibiting proliferation of breast cancer cells. Clinically it is mainly used for high levels of estrogen in breast cancer patients, which combines with androgen and other anticancer drugs (such as doxorubicin, etc., enhancing the effectiveness and showing good effect in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. Oral: once 10~20mg, 2 times 1 day. Common side effects are flushing, genital itching, occasional vaginal bleeding, a few may have a headache, fluid retention, for a long time may have retinal disease, vision loss, the other can have bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal reactions. Tamoxifen is used to treat breast cancer, and can reduce mortality and recurrence rate of estrogen-dependent breast cancer patients, so it has a good prospect. Another endocrine therapy aromatase inhibitor, it can inhibit effect of aromatase, preventing that the and rostenedione secreted by adrenal gland is transformed into estrogen in peripheral tissues (fat, skin, muscle), further reducing estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. It is currently one of the important means to treat postmenopausal patients with estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer. Figure 1 Mechanism of action of Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors
Origin of the study	In the 1960s, as for initial research of estrogen drug, scientists found that anti-estrogen drugs can prevent endometrial hyperplasia and embryo implantation in rats, and has the role of contraception, hoping that it can be used as contraceptives for use in humans. In1966 UK reproductive endocrinologist Walpole firstly reported study of Tamoxifen. When investigating an anti-estrogen substance-tristyrylphenol, they found that its two derivatives had different physiological effects. They used vaginal epithelium keratosis index and uterine weight growth index as the evaluation index. Results showed that homeopathic structure (ICI47,699) has estrogen-like effects on uterus and vaginal epithelial cells in rat and mice; trans structure (ICI46,747) has very weak estrogenic effect on vaginal epithelial cells in rat, has an anti-estrogenic effect on the uterus, which can terminate early pregnancy and inhibit ovulation, but it also has anti-estrogenic effect on uterus and vaginal epithelial cells in mouse. Trans structure ICI46,747 which is now Tamoxifen, scientists expect that ICI46,747 can be used as a new contraceptives in humans. However, during the clinical trial, they found that the drug did not show the same effect in rats, but the drug can stimulate endometrial hyperplasia, and promote ovulation. Thus, clinically Tamoxifen was firstly used as ovulation drugs in anovulatory infertility patients, and still in use. For the current field of assisted reproductive technology treatment of ovarian hyperstimulation program, it also has a good effect on ovulation. Thus, Tamoxifen had both estrogen-like and anti-estrogenic effects, and showed different effects on different species and tissues. Figure 2 The structural formula of Tamoxifen.
Uses	1. Treatment for Women with metastatic breast cancer recurrence. 2. Used as adjuvant therapy after surgery for breast cancer metastasis, and relapse prevention. 3. For the treatment of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and endometriosis. Pharmacokinetics This product is easily absorbed orally, generally three hours after taking the drug concentration in the blood is up to the peak; because of enterohepatic circulation, the concentration of product is a more lasting in vivo; in the liver metabolism this product mainly excreted in the feces by biliary (58% to 100% ) rarely excreted in urine (only 2% to 21%); after the anima taking isotopically labeled this product, it is found that radioactivity is the highest in animal ovaries.After it is used for post-menopausal women, the concentration in endometrium is 2 times in plasma .
Side effects	1. Early treatment of bone cancer pain and may be a transient increase, continued treatment can be gradually reduced. 2. gastrointestinal reactions: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. 3. Reproductive system: menstrual disorders, amenorrhea, vaginal bleeding, genital itching, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyps and endometrial cancer. 4. Skin: facial flushing, rash, hair loss. 5. Bone marrow: occasionally neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. 6. Liver function: occasionally abnormalities. 7. Eyes: using for long time (17 months or more) and large number (240~320mg per day), may appear retinal lesions or corneal opacity . 8. The rare and needed attention of side effects: insanity, pulmonary embolism (showing shortness of breath), thrombosis, weakness, drowsiness.
Contraindications	1. It is contraindicated in patients who are allergic to this product. 2. It is contraindicated in patients with fundus diseases. 3. It is contraindicated in patients who have history of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism or are receiving anticoagulant therapy. 4. It is contraindicated in pregnant woman and nursing mothers.
Precautions	1. Abnormal liver function should be used with caution. If bone metastasis, patients are needed to regularly check blood calcium in the early treatment. 2.Pregnancy safety of this drug is classified as D class by FDA.
Drug interactions	1. The drug combines with fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine and doxorubicin, etc. and can improve the effects. 2. The drug can increase the dopaminergic effect of bromocriptine mesylate. 3. The data show that the drug can prolong neuromuscular blockade of atracurium. 4. The drug can enhance the effect of anticoagulants, not combining with anticoagulants (such as warfarin, two coumarin anticoagulants). 5. Antacids and cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine can change the pH of the stomach, making the drug enteric-coated tablets decomposed and showing a stimulating effect on the stomach, so when l in combination , these drugs should be interval of 1 to 2 hours. 6. Estrogen can affect the therapeutic effect of the drug, should not be combined. 7. The in vitro test results show that the drug may inhibit the metabolism of tacrolimus. 8.When in combination with mitomycin, the risk of hemolytic syndrome and hematuria increased. 9. The drug combines with triptolide which can lead to accelerate tumor growth in mice, so the combination should be cautious. 10. with allopurinol, the drug may increase liver toxicity. 11. The drug combines with other cytotoxic drugs, increasing the risk of thromboembolism.
Chemical Properties	White Crystalline Solid
Originator	Nolvadex,I.C.I.,UK,1973
Uses	A nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist of interest in the treatment of some forms of breast cancer. Tamoxifen is a Protein Kinase C inhibitor, and induces apoptosis in human malignant glioma cell lines
Uses	Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen response modifier (SERM), protein kinase C inhibitor and anti-angiogenetic factor. Tamoxifen is a prodrug that is metabolized to active metabolites 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) and endoxifen by cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. In breast cancer, the gene repressor activity of tamoxifen against ERBB2 is dependent upon PAX2. Blocks estradiol-stimulated VEGF production in breast tumor cells. Protein kinase C inhibitor. Induces apoptosis in human malignant glioma cell lines. Tamoxifen and its metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen are selective estrogen response mo difiers (SERMs) that act as estrogen antagonists in mammary gland. Blocks estradiol-stimulated VEGF production in breast tumor cells
Uses	Tamoxifen has been used to facilitate the recombination of ect2flox allele in mouse organs91. It has also been used to study its effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation92.
Indications	Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is a synthetic antiestrogen used in the treatment of breast cancer. Normally, estrogens act by binding to a cytoplasmic protein receptor, and the resulting hormone–receptor complex is then translocated into the nucleus, where it induces the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) at specific sites on the DNA of the target cell. Tamoxifen also avidly binds to estrogen receptors and competes with endogenous estrogens for these critical sites. The drug–receptor complex has little or no estrogen agonist activity. Tamoxifen directly inhibits growth of human breast cancer cells that contain estrogen receptors but has little effect on cells without such receptors.
Indications	Tamoxifen is a partial estrogen agonist in breast and thus is used as a treatment and chemopreventative for breast cancer. Tamoxifen is a full agonist in bone and endometrium, and prolonged use of tamoxifen leads to a fourfold to fivefold increase in the incidence of endometrial cancer. See Chapter 56 for a detailed discussion of the use of tamoxifen in breast cancer.
Manufacturing Process	To the Grignard reagent prepared from 0.59 part of magnesium, 3.95 parts of bromobenzene and 50 parts of ether there are added 7.5 parts of 4-(β- dimethylaminoethoxy)-α-ethyldesoxybenzoin in 50 parts of ether. After heating under reflux for 3 hours, the mixture is decomposed by the addition of a solution of 60 parts of ammonium chloride in 150 parts of water. The mixture is separated, and the ethereal layer is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the ether is evaporated. The residue is crystallized from methanol. There is thus obtained 1-(p-β-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1,2- diphenylbutan-1-ol, melting point 120°C to 121°C. 2.15 parts of 1-(p-β-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylbutan-1-ol, 25 parts of ethanol and 0.8 part of 10 N hydrochloric acid are heated together under reflux for 3 hours. The solution is evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue is extracted with methylene chloride. The methylene chloride extract is decolorized with charcoal and then evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in 100 parts of water, the solution is basified by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution, and the precipitated solid is extracted three times, each time with 50 parts of ether. The combined extracts are dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and then evaporated. The residue is crystallized from aqueous methanol, and there is thus obtained 1-(p-β- dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene, melting point 95°C to 96°C.
Brand name	Nolvadex (AstraZeneca); Soltamox (Savient).
Therapeutic Function	Antiestrogen, Antineoplastic
World Health Organization (WHO)	Tamoxifen is an anti-estrogen agent used mainly to treat breast cancer. Tamoxifen is listed in the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs.
Mechanism of action	Tamoxifen is slowly absorbed, and maximum serum levels are achieved 4 to 7 hours after oral administration. The drug is concentrated in estrogen target tissues, such as the ovaries, uterus, vaginal epithelium, and breasts. Hydroxylation and glucuronidation of the aromatic rings are the major pathways of metabolism; excretion occurs primarily in the feces.
Pharmacokinetics	Circulating levels of the demethylated metabolite at steady state are up to twice the level of the parent drug, because the elimination half-life of N-demethyl tamoxifen is 14 days, compared with 7 days for tamoxifen. Tamoxifen demonstrates only weak estrogenic effects at several sites, including the endometrium and bone, and on the lipid profile. Tamoxifen undergoes rapid N-dem ethylation to its major metabolite, N-dem ethyltamoxifen, by CYP3A4 and via CYP2D6 to its minor metabolite, 4-hydroxytam oxifen. Evidence suggests that 4-hydroxytamoxifen is the active metabolite of tamoxifen, with a higher binding affinity than the parent drug for the ER
Clinical Use	Tamoxifen is a SERM that is used as an antiestrogen in the treatment of estrogen-dependent breas Tcancer following prim ary treatment (c hemotherapy and/or surgery).
Side effects	Tamoxifen administration is associated with few toxic side effects, most frequently hot flashes (in 10–20% of patients) and occasionally vaginal dryness or discharge. Mild nausea, exacerbation of bone pain, and hypercalcemia may occur.
Safety Profile	Confirmed human carcinogen. Moderately toxic by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by an unspecified route: nausea or vomiting, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and skin changes. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. Carcinogenicity Tamoxifen is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.